DW's Class site - Home Beyond being an aspirational goal, engaging in self-care has been described as an "ethical imperative" (Norcross & Barnett, ) and is part of the APA's Ethics Code (). But the unspoken reality is that self-care in graduate school is a struggle. As trainees, we receive mixed messages — perform at a high level and meet all rigorous To make writing a key priority is an imperative because we have so many students who are learning English as an additional language. Write that Essay has enabled that us to see measurable improvements, and for students to be empowered in their writing
Capital Punishment | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The fast-accelerating world crisis is driving us towards barbarism and extinction writes Neil Faulkner. The capitalist system means ecological and social collapse, imperative essay. Mainstream politics, embedded in the system, has been reduced to irrelevance.
Revolution imperative essay become an existential imperative. This paper offers a summary of new Marxist thinking about the nature of the crisis and what must be done to turn mass protest into the revolutionary transformation on which our survival depends. Neil Faulkner is the joint author of Creeping Fascism: what it is and how to fight it and System Crash: an activist guide to the coming democratic revolution.
He works closely with a small group of theoretical collaborators and draws heavily on imperative essay insights in this essay, but takes full responsibility for its content. I mean a second-rate motel, dig. George : Oh, no. What you represent to them is freedom. It makes them dangerous. The Wall now spanned the globe. It comprised ten billion screens. Little ones, personal ones, carried in pocket or bag, to be sprung into use any spare minute, every spare minute.
Big ones, able to fill a stadium with light and sound, watched by tens of thousands at a time. And all sorts of medium ones in between, laptops, X-boxes, imperative essay, big-screen TVs, imperative essay, cinema screens, and the like.
Ten billion screens. Billions of images to imperative essay from. Whatever you want, wherever you want, imperative essay, whenever you want, imperative essay, instantly, on demand. Imperative essay 7. The Wall was a tranquiliser. The spectators were already semi-comatose, otherwise they would have been doing something else, not just gawping and clicking. But once it had their attention, the Wall held them fast.
It became an addiction. They were hooked by the eternal search for the spectacle — another spectacle imperative essay, the next spectaclea bigger and better spectaclean as-yet-undiscovered spectacle.
Always back to the Wall, imperative essay. Before it, an ocean of blank faces and inert bodies uploading spectacles into vacant brains, more and more of them, forever and ever. Until the Wall had sucked out all that remained of the life force, extinguishing mind, will, activity, freedom, reducing the spectators to husks.
Marx and Engels explained how the dominant ideas in every epoch are the ideas of the ruling class, because the ruling class controls the means of production and the state, and therefore the social superstructure, imperative essay, and therefore the primary systems of communication, imperative essay, socialisation, and indoctrination — churches, schools, imperative essay, press, etc.
But they also argued that ideas were formed and consolidated in a more profound way. They distinguished between appearance and essence — how individuals experienced life in an everyday sense as opposed to how that experience was actually created by hidden forces.
Nor was this, for the capitalist, a matter of choice: he was compelled, under the whip of competition, to exploit workers in order to keep costs and prices down, to accumulate a surplus fund, to invest in more advanced techniques, to raise productivity and output; if he did not do this, he was liable to be priced out of the market by more dynamic rivals. Instead of human-beings entering freely into collective processes of creative labour, their activity was determined by forces — capital accumulation, commodity exchange, the market — outside their control.
Marx used the term reification to describe this thing-like character of human relationships under capitalism. The essence of humanity as a species is that we engage in conscious, imperative essay, collaborative, creative labour, both in production and reproduction: we are social animals. Marx used the term alienation to describe this rupture. Human-beings are alienated from nature, from each other, from the labour process, imperative essay, from the products of their labour, from their species-beingbecause of the reified character of social relations under capitalism.
Antonio Gramsci paid particular attention to the systems of communication, socialisation, and indoctrination by which capitalist social relations were obscured, legitimised, and sustained. He underlined the distinction between active coercion by state repression and passive consent by means of socialisation, indoctrination, etc in suppressing resistance to the system.
He saw the dominant ideas of the ruling class as a pervasive ideological hegemony that penetrated the whole of civil society — state, media, school, church, neighbourhood, family, etc — reaching into all the nooks and crannies of everyday life. He was struck by imperative essay way — in contrast to more obviously coercive social orders like Tsarist Russia — in which modern, developed, liberal-parliamentary democracies acquired multi-layered ideological defences against revolution from below.
This included the bureaucratised, routinised, reformist character of most working-class organisations — trade unions and socialist parties — where a layer of full-time functionaries operated to mediate between capital and labour, to contain popular revolt, to accommodate demands from below to the imperatives of the system.
They became personifications of the prevailing ideological hegemony inside the labour movement. They became labour lieutenants of capital. The Wall, the most powerful communications system in history, is a superlative mechanism for transmitting the hegemonic ideas of the ruling class, sedating social discontent, imperative essay, suffocating dissent, achieving consent, imperative essay.
In particular, in One-Dimensional Manimperative essay, Herbert Marcuse argued that advanced post-war industrialism had created an affluent consumer society in which false needs were created by mass media, the sales effort, imperative essay, popular culture, etc.
Satisfaction imperative essay these needs through the consumption of commodities became a substitute for human happiness, but also a realm of unfreedom and social control which shrivelled the space for critical thought and action. Marcuse and imperative essay elevated the commodity to a new theoretical level. Marx had stressed the contradictory combination of use-value and exchange-value in the capitalist commodity.
On the one hand, the commodity corresponded to a real human need; on imperative essay other, imperative essay, it represented an objectified form of labour to be sold for profit. Marcuse, on the other hand, emphasised the rising proportion of commodities which lacked any imperative essay use-valuewhich in fact corresponded to artificially generated false needs.
Capital benefitted in two senses. On the one hand, false needs created a growing market for consumer goods and therefore expanded capital accumulation. On the other, the satisfaction of false needs legitimised the system and pacified the working class; it fostered a world of atomised individual consumption, a retreat from the collective and creative into a realm of imperative essay consciousness and private unfulfillment and unfreedom.
False needs created a second layer of alienation. In The Society of the SpectacleGuy Debord argued that the world of the real — real things and real activities — had been replaced by a world of mere representations or spectacles. Life was no longer lived, it was merely depicted. Humans were no longer active creators imperative essay a real material world, but passive spectators of a constructed world of images. Human-beings are organic life-forms. They have a material existence and therefore material needs.
We cannot be reduced to consumers of spectacles. But, like Marcuse, Debord offered a profound insight into the deepening alienation characteristic of late capitalism. Where Marcuse had emphasised false needscommodification, the consumer society, Debord highlighted the role of representation, images, imperative essay, imperative essay in the context of growing atomisation, privatisation, and passivity.
Debord anticipated the Wall — a virtual Wall formed of billions of screens projecting billions of spectacles. Imperative essay, alienation acquires a third layer, where false needs take the form not of actual commodities but of representations of commodities, as aspirations, imperative essay, hopes, yearnings, imperative essay, neuroses, fantasies are sucked into a vortex of electronic spectacles. Coal, imperative essay, steel, and steam-power were the basis of the First Industrial Revolution; the railway was the supreme symbol of the age.
Oil, imperative essay, electricity, and motorisation were the basis of the Second Industrial Revolution; motor vehicles and consumer durables were obvious symbols. Computers, digitalisation, and instant electronic communication have been the basis of the Third Industrial Revolution; this is the age of the smartphone, imperative essay, and imperative essay. Increasing velocity characterises each revolution.
The faster goods and services can be produced, distributed, and exchanged, the quicker the money can be turned over, imperative essay. Money works by moving, imperative essay. The quicker it moves, the more it can do. The faster it turns over, the sooner it can be reinvested. The higher the velocity of money, the more rapid the accumulation of capital.
The Third Industrial Revolution has made capital in its money form weightless. It can defy the law of gravity and move faster than the speed of light. It can move from one side of the world to the other at click-button speed. Beforeinformation moved at the speed of sailing ships and horse-drawn carriages.
Byit moved at the speed of steamships, railways, imperative essay, and telegraphs. Byat the speed of the telephone and the radio. But the communications technologies of the First and Second Imperative essay Revolutions were not bulk carriers; they could handle only small cargoes of information.
To carry bulk it imperative essay necessary to digitalise and miniaturise data. This was the central technological achievement of the Third Industrial Revolution. The First Industrial Revolution separated human-beings from their means of production and subsistence; it imposed the primary alienation.
The Second Industrial Revolution, in order to sustain exponentially expanding capital accumulation, and also to sedate a growing and potentially rebellious working class, created false needs ; this was the second alienationwhere privatised consumption of commodities with little or no use-value became an opiate to compensate for loss of the collective and the creative.
The Third Industrial Revolution has transformed false needs for material commodities into false needs for virtual commodities, imperative essay, for electronic images, for representations and spectacles, imperative essay.
This is the third alienation. We can conceptualise the Wall in economic-technological terms as a product of the Third Industrial Revolution, and in social-anthropological terms as the primary expression of the third alienation. Capitalism first alienated human-beings from nature, their means of production, and their means of subsistence, imperative essay. It then alienated them from their real needs by substituting false needs. It has now alienated them from the material world of things by creating a virtual world of spectacles.
First we made things. Then we only consumed things. Now we merely observe things. From producer to consumer to spectator: this is the anthropological history of human alienation under the domination of capital.
Coming round a corner, imperative essay, I saw the waiting room on the right, imperative essay. About 15 people were sitting in chairs staring at two huge screens on the far wall, imperative essay.
I was pushed down imperative essay the end of the front row of seats, close to the screens. The screens, ranged side-by-side, were both showing the same image.
Kant \u0026 Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course Philosophy #35
, time: 10:27A Brief Summary of Kant’s Categorical Imperative | Cogito
Beyond being an aspirational goal, engaging in self-care has been described as an "ethical imperative" (Norcross & Barnett, ) and is part of the APA's Ethics Code (). But the unspoken reality is that self-care in graduate school is a struggle. As trainees, we receive mixed messages — perform at a high level and meet all rigorous DW's Class site - Home In writing and speaking, there are four basic types of sentences. Discover the function of each type so you can make the right choice in your writing!
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