Apr 24, · The growing multi-hazard environment to which millions of people in the world are exposed highlights the importance of making sure that populations are increasingly better prepared. The objective of this study was to report the levels of preparedness of a community exposed to two natural hazards and identify the primary sociodemographic characteristics of Sep 29, · The e-service quality determinants of individual findings were reliable and significant, indicating that these scales have been widely used to evaluate online service quality across different industries. The Kano model [11] was e-service providers have been addressed as the primary concern in many studies Website quality consists of four scales namely information. consistent with the literature
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For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here. The growing multi-hazard environment to which millions of people in the world are exposed highlights the importance of making sure that populations are increasingly better prepared. The objective of this study was to report the levels of preparedness of a community exposed to two natural hazards and identify the primary sociodemographic characteristics of groups with different preparedness levels.
A survey was conducted on participants from two localities of the Atacama Region in the north of Chile during the spring of Their level of preparedness at home and work was assessed to face two types of natural hazards: earthquakes and developing e-service quality scales a literature review. Men claimed to be more prepared than women to face floods, something that the authors attribute to the particular characteristics of the main employment sectors for men and women in the region.
The developing e-service quality scales a literature review contribution of large companies on preparedness levels of communities in the areas in which they operate is discussed. The sociodemographic profile of individuals with the highest levels of preparedness in an environment with multiple natural hazards are people between 30 and 59 years of age, living with their partner and school-age children.
The implications of the results pertaining to institutions responsible for developing disaster risk reduction plans, policies and programs in a multi-hazard environment are discussed. Citation: Bronfman NC, developing e-service quality scales a literature review, Cisternas PC, Repetto PB, Castañeda JV Natural disaster preparedness in a multi-hazard environment: Characterizing the sociodemographic profile of those better worse prepared.
PLoS ONE 14 4 : e Received: November 15, ; Accepted: March 8, ; Published: April 24, Copyright: © Bronfman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. A World Bank report that assessed the main natural disaster hotspots in the world [ 1 ] found that approximately 3. An increase in the magnitude, frequency and geographic distribution of natural disasters has been recently demonstrated, particularly for those related to climate change [ 2 ].
In the same period, earthquakes and tsunamis caused the highest number of fatalities, estimated at around , with tsunamis being twenty times more lethal than earthquakes [ 3 ]. These statistics demonstrate the critical multi-hazard environment to which the global population is exposed. The combination of human and economic losses, together with reconstruction costs, makes natural disasters both a humanitarian and an economic problem [ 1 ].
Between andnatural disasters produced economic losses of more than USD 2. More recently, inUSD billion were spent globally on damage related to natural disasters [ 4 ]. However, high expenditure associated with natural disasters may reduce investment in other priority areas for a country, such as education, health, transport and security [ 5 ].
There are no countries or communities that are currently immune to the impact of natural disasters. It is, however, possible to reduce the effects of these events through management strategies focused on risk reduction [ 6 ]. Citizen preparedness strategies play a key role in reducing the effects of hazards that cannot be mitigated [ 6 — 8 ], as such strategies seek to improve the ability of individuals and communities to respond in the event of a natural disaster [ 7 ]. Between anddeveloping e-service quality scales a literature review, Chile was affected by ten natural disasters earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires, floods and volcanic eruptionsdeveloping e-service quality scales a literature review, which translated into more than four million affected individuals and close to fatalities [ 9 ].
The earthquake and tsunami alone caused the death of people, and gave rise to more than USD 30 billion in material losses [ 10 ]. As such, the multi-hazard environment to which the population is exposed, and the high expenditure associated with natural disasters in Chile, developing e-service quality scales a literature review, emphasize the importance of adopting a multi-hazard approach to progress in the design of preparedness strategies.
In order to move forward in this direction, the main objective of this study is to understand the current levels of preparedness of a community exposed to multiple natural hazards and identify the primary sociodemographic characteristics of groups that show different levels of preparedness. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of disaster risk reduction strategies and programs in multi-hazard environments. The complexity of territories and social structures expose communities to various hazards, both natural and man-made.
Against this backdrop, the leading institutions responsible for disaster risk reduction worldwide indicate the importance of nations being able to assess, recognize and integrate the various hazards in their territories in their planning, in order to prepare the population to effectively mitigate the damages associated with these multiple hazards [ 11 ].
Although addressing a multi-hazard environment requires significant economic and political efforts, several studies have indicated that the multi-hazard approach has major benefits for the design of effective disaster risk reduction policies [ 1213 ]. The main recommendations for multi-hazard environments include strengthening risk assessment within territories, informing the population of these risks to raise awareness, and establishing multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral efforts to develop integrated public policies [ 14 ].
In the literature, there are different theoretical frameworks to conceptualize the adoption of preparedness measures to face natural hazards, where the Protective Action Decision Model [ 1618 ] and the Social-Cognitive Model developing e-service quality scales a literature review 1920 ] are the most cited models.
The first model recognizes that preparation is a behavior dependent on risk perception, previous experience and some demographic characteristics, among other variables. The social cognitive model focuses on the role of motivational factors on the decision to adopt preparedness actions, including awareness of the threat, anxiety, self-efficacy, and sense of community among others.
Both models can help describe and understand the preparedness, however, for the purposes of the present study we incorporate elements of the Protective Action Decision Model, mainly in aspects related to the relation between sociodemographic factors and preparedness levels.
This model also recognizes the role of experience that is relevant for this particular study considering that the communities that were studied had experienced both events.
One of the most common ways to study natural disaster preparedness levels is by characterizing these measures within the places where individuals spend most of their time, such as their homes with their families and their workplaces [ 21 — 23 ].
These areas are representative not only of the types of preparedness measures adopted by the population [ 22 ], but also the areas that people recognize as sources of common and relevant information for taking preparedness measures [ 24 ], developing e-service quality scales a literature review. Preparedness actions involve developing plans, stockpiling of supplies and performing exercises and drills, all aimed to reduce the impact of the disaster [ 25 ].
These actions have been translated into recommendations, checklists and actions that organizations provide to households, communities and workplace in order to be prepared in case of a disaster.
Response organizations recommend to frequently assess and evaluate whether these actions have been implemented. Researchers have proposed several models to explain the decision to take action and implement preparedness actions, developing e-service quality scales a literature review, with a particular emphasis on the role that social cognitive processes [ 26 ].
Traditionally these models have emphasized the role of risk perception and have also shown that previous experience may be relevant, but with mixed results in relation with preparedness [ 18 ]. For the purposes of this study we focused on a community that had experienced different hazards in the past years, so we could examine also whether they appeared to be prepared to respond to different hazards. Researchers have mostly focused on understanding family preparedness when characterizing the developing e-service quality scales a literature review levels of the population [ 2327 ].
Family preparedness has been researched and measured through different types of activities, such as survival measures, mitigation measures and planning measures [ 212328 — 30 ].
Family planning measures in the face of natural hazards are those which are adopted least frequently, but whose importance is highly recognized among individuals [ 2330 ]. Family preparedness is recognized as the base from which other preparation actions take place [ 27 ]. Despite the fact that research on natural disaster preparedness has primarily focused on family preparedness, the study of workplace preparedness is emerging as a relevant focus for research, given the role that organizations play in local economies, the lives of the people they employ and even recovery following natural disasters [ 3132 ].
One factor that is most closely related to workplace preparedness is company size [ 273133 ]. This is because companies with a larger number of employees have formalized risk reduction processes, and greater resources to implement them [ 31 ]. Several of the studies that link gender to the adoption of preparedness measures conclude that women prepare more than men [ 2934 ], especially when it comes to measures related to creating a family emergency plan, the safety of household members, and the use of preparedness messages [ 35 ].
Similarly, it has been reported that married people or those who live with their partner show higher levels of preparedness than those who do not [ 233637 ]. The age of subjects is also a predictor for the adoption of preparedness measures. In other studies researchers suggest that age is not significantly related to the adoption of preparedness measures [ 3639 ].
The presence of children under 18 years of age in the household is associated to higher levels of preparedness [ 374041 ]. In a study conducted on a random sample of 1, households in Memphis, Tennessee, Edwards [ 39 ] suggests that parents feel responsible for the safety of children, and also because children receive more information from their school environment about how to prepare for natural hazards, motivating parents to implement these types of measures.
The research focused on the inhabitants of Copiapó and Tierra Amarilla municipalities see Fig 1 in the Atacama Region in the north of Chile, since they are at risk of multiple natural hazards, particularly earthquakes and floods. The maps in the top left show the earthquakes that affected the Atacama Region. The map on the right shows the Copiapó and Tierra Amarilla municipalities, the flooded area of the event and the location of the households surveyed.
The Atacama Region, Chile, has a surface area of 75, km 2equivalent to 9. Developing e-service quality scales a literature review climate of Copiapó and Tierra Amarilla is semi-arid, with scarce and light rainfall during the winter months. The proportion of women in these municipalities is A similar trend occurs for the populations of the Copiapó and Tierra Amarilla municipalities, developing e-service quality scales a literature review.
On Decemberthe unemployment rate in these localities reached 6. Currently, Chile is the largest copper producer in the world. The localities of the Atacama Region have an extensive history of natural disasters, particularly extreme hydrometeorological events causing significant floods, with the events that took place in and considered the most catastrophic. In Aprilintense rainfall caused rivers in the Atacama Region to overflow, producing floods that affected mostly to Copiapó see Fig 1.
A total of 22 people died, and material losses were estimated at USD million [ 9 ]. Almost two decades later, in Marchthere was a hydrometeorological event considered the largest in its history. More than 45mm of rain fell in approximately 48 hours [ 48 ]. The effects were devastating, mainly for the towns of Copiapó, Paipote, and Tierra Amarilla.
A total of 31 people died, 16 were declared missing, 30, were displaced, and more thanpeople were affected by the event [ 49 ]. The material damages were estimated at more than USD 1. The largest earthquake recorded in the study area occurred inwith a magnitude of 8.
The second largest earthquake in the area occurred inwith a magnitude of 8. The most recent earthquake in the area occurred in and is considered the third most destructive to hit the region.
It had a magnitude of 8. Economic losses were estimated at more than USD million. Despite these events, the scientific community has demonstrated that there are still subduction zones that have not been activated for more than years, developing e-service quality scales a literature review, and as such the probability of another event with similar characteristics occurring in the near future is very high [ 53 ].
The survey was separated into three sections, developing e-service quality scales a literature review, in which two types of natural hazard that affect the region were studied: earthquakes and floods. The first section contained questions about the level of preparedness for these two hazards. As this survey forms part of a larger study, only the measures that were used in this study are described below, developing e-service quality scales a literature review.
The developing e-service quality scales a literature review and flood preparation scale was structured into two sub-scales; one to measure household preparedness 2 items and another to measure workplace preparedness 3 items. The items on both sub-scales were adapted from previous studies [ 21232829 ]. The participants were required to answer the questions associated with each sub-scale on each hazard earthquake and flood using a dichotomous scale 1 Yes, 0 No, as shown in Table 1.
The set of preparedness actions of the questionnaire considered the main actions suggested by International Agencies as minimum elements of preparation of individuals. Sociodemographic characteristics. The participants were developing e-service quality scales a literature review about various sociodemographic characteristics, including their age, gender, marital status, work activity, and whether children under 18 years of age live in their household.
The understanding of the questionnaire was assessed and validated through a focus group directed by the research team. The sample was designed through simple random sampling, based on population forecasts for the Atacama Region developed by the National Statistics Institute of Chile in The first stage considered the random selection of geographic clusters housing blocks by block code.
Then, households were selected using the Kish table and systematic sampling.
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Sep 29, · This study utilized the Kano model to practically identify the key attributes of online service quality of e-learning education companies. Along with a review of theoretical sources related to service quality, this paper placed similar attributes into the same cluster and finalized four constructs, i.e., reliability, responsiveness, competence, and engagement Dec 03, · You may have reached this page because the site or link you have tried to access no longer exists. We apologize for the inconvenience, but you may be able to find it instead through your library resources Apr 24, · The growing multi-hazard environment to which millions of people in the world are exposed highlights the importance of making sure that populations are increasingly better prepared. The objective of this study was to report the levels of preparedness of a community exposed to two natural hazards and identify the primary sociodemographic characteristics of
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