Autistic Disorder Apa Style Paper, Best Science Fiction Essay, Examples Of National Junior Honor Society Essay Introduction, Dissertation Maupassant La Parure The paper must be double-spaced, typed in a 12 point Times New Roman font with 1” margins all around. References must be cited in the body of the paper, as well as included in a reference page at the end of your paper. Citations & the reference page must be in APA (6th ed.) style (no abstract, title page or running head is necessary). References Autistic Disorder Apa Style Paper Place an order and we will choose the best writer for you. Our service is secure and affordable. Isabeljen commented blogger.com PROBLEMS. Buy an Essay Online and Save Your Time. 8. Contact information. USA: Toll-free
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Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Memory in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis of experimental studies Psychological Bulletin. Download PDF Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. Translate PDF. City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Desaunay, P.
ORCID:Ring, M. and Parienti, J-J. Memory in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis of experimental studies. Psychological Bulletin, 5pp. doi: This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Abstract: To address inconsistencies in the literature on memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder ASDwe report the first ever meta-analysis of short-term STM and episodic long- term LTM memory in ASD, evaluating the effects of type of material, type of retrieval and the role of inter-item relations.
We discuss these results in terms of their relation to semantic memory. The limited diminution in verbal LTM and preserved overall recognition and cued recall supported retrieval may result from a greater overlap of these tasks with semantic long-term representations which are overall preserved in ASD. By contrast, difficulties in STM or free recall may result from less overlap with the semantic system or may involve additional cognitive operations and executive demands.
These findings highlight the need to support STM functioning in ASD and acknowledge the potential benefit of using verbal materials at encoding and broader forms of memory support at retrieval to enhance performance.
Article Type: Article Keywords: autism spectrum disorders; short-term memory; long-term memory; episodic memory; meta-analysis, autistic disorder apa style paper.
Corresponding Author: Bérengère Guillery-Girard INSERM-EPHE-Caen University FRANCE Corresponding Author E-Mail: berengere. guillery-girard ephe. eu Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: INSERM-EPHE-Caen University Other Authors: Pierre Desaunay Anaïs R. Briant Dermot M. Desaunay1,2, AR. Briant3, D. Bowler4, M. Ring3, 5, P. Gérardin6, JM. Baleyte1,7, F. Guénolé1,2, F. Eustache1, JJ. Parienti 3,8, B. KEYWORDS Autism spectrum disorders, short-term memory, long-term memory, episodic memory, meta-analysis.
We found verbal LTM to be relatively preserved, which contrasts with LTM difficulties for visual material. For both STM and LTM, we found a general reduction in free recall compared to cued recall and recognition, arguing in favor of using memory support in rehabilitation. These experimental studies also reveal that people with ASD are characterized by a degree of heterogeneity in their memory functioning. Memory for general knowledge, such as poems, autistic disorder apa style paper, seems excellent Ben Shalom,in contrast with a diminished capacity to encode memories for personally experienced events that occurred only once, such as learning a list of items that refers to episodic memory Lind, The episodic memory system consists of specific memories of personally-experienced events, situated in the temporal and spatial contexts of their acquisition.
Episodic memory also enables the retrieval of associations between items and is associated with autonoetic conscious awareness recollection, autistic disorder apa style paper, associated with remembering Tulving, ; Eustache et al. Studies on memory have been conducted on a range of ASD populations using different methodologies, stimulus materials and types of processing and although there have been comprehensive reviews of the area e.
It is at this gap in the literature that the present study is aimed. To orient the reader and to underpin the need for the proposed meta-analysis, we start with an overview of the main findings and controversies in studies of episodic long-term memory in ASD.
We included short-term memory STM in this meta-analysis because as it shares the same stages of encoding and retrieval with long-term memory LTMwe need to consider its functioning when interpreting the patterning observed in episodic memory. For STM, storage is maintained by rehearsal of a limited quantity of information reviewed by Norris, By contrast, LTM can contain unlimited quantities of information held for durations that can extend to decades.
The STM concept has been extended further by Baddeley's model of working memory WMwhich emphasizes the manipulation of information during cognitive tasks. This model encompasses two modality-specific short-term stores visuospatial and phonological that depend on a central executive, which enables the active processing of information. In memory studies in ASD, the distinction between STM and WM tests is rarely drawn, and only a few studies have focused on STM exclusively.
LTM can also be divided into different sub-systems. Explicit, or declarative memory, refers to verbalizable information, accessible autistic disorder apa style paper awareness and contrasts with implicit and procedural memory which are both dedicated to actions and processes that take place without conscious awareness.
A recent meta- analysis has concluded that implicit learning is preserved in ASD Foti et al. A second distinction focuses on semantic and episodic memory Tulving, Studying STM is of interest in typical and atypical development, since STM provides a link between perception and cognition Baddeley, a. Similar results have been found in neurodevelopmental disorders Gathercole et al.
In autistic disorder apa style paper with ASD, Poirier et al. Subsequently, Bowler et al. Other recent findings concluded to a dissociated pattern in STM with impaired visuospatial STM and preserved verbal STM. These results contrast with superior verbal STM that has been described in adults with ASD without a history of speech onset delay. Regarding the type of retrieval, neither STM nor WM studies have yet compared recall and recognition see Kercood et al.
In spite of this potential interest, the specific study of STM in ASD has received relatively little consideration. Instead, most studies have used WM tasks that emphasize short-term maintenance with controlled manipulation of information by the central executive Baddeley, autistic disorder apa style paper In their review, Barendse et al.
A subsequent meta-analysis conducted by Wang et al. Beyond these results, we can discuss tasks used to test either STM or WM. In Wang et al. Moreover, Colom et al. St Clair-Thompsoncomparing backward digit recall tasks to different STM and WM tasks, concluded that backward tasks are a measure of STM in typical adults, and Poirier et al. In a more recent meta-analysis of WM in ASD, Habib et al, autistic disorder apa style paper. Manipulation observed in WM tasks depends on several different executive functions Baddeley,and two recent meta-analyses have confirmed an overall impairment of executive functions in ASD Autistic disorder apa style paper et al, autistic disorder apa style paper.
STMin ASD. STM and LTM are closely associated see Eriksson et al. First, encoding in autistic disorder apa style paper is thought to be supported by the temporary reactivation of LTM representations as proposed by Cowan and second, encoding information into episodic LTM involves recruitment of STM.
That is the reason why we were interested in comparing STM and LTM functioning in ASD. Focusing on episodic LTM, some authors concluded that the enhanced egocentric visuospatial memory in ASD may be related to perceptual processes and specific top-down mechanisms Ring et al. In addition, Caron et al. Enhanced detection and enhanced memory for simple visuospatial patterns would favor better discrimination of more complex patterns that may share common perceptual properties e.
maps, landscapes,…which could in turn explain the visuospatial peaks of abilities reported in some autistic individuals Roser et al. Other accounts have suggested alterations in encoding-related processes. In the same way, people with ASD did not detect common similarities between related words, leading to an absence of enhanced cued recall performance Mottron et al.
Close to these findings, Smith et al. Smith et al. In addition, Meyer et al. Bowler et al. By contrast, studies have demonstrated an unimpaired familiarity processes implicated in recognition-based retrieval and may lead to its relative preservation in ASD e. Electrophysiological studies suggest that recollection and familiarity processes may share a single non-differentiated episodic memory system in adults with ASD contrary to the dual-system memory in typical individuals Massand et al.
More recently, autistic disorder apa style paper, Cooper et al. Broader difficulties are observed in the organization of the to-be-memorized information in ASD. Renner et al. When ASD participants were asked to learn semantically related words, they clustered words into fewer categories at recall.
Autism Spectrum Disorder - Clinical Presentation
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